国外动物智能军事应用情报研究

目的：阐述动物智能在军事学的应用及意义。方法：以学术论文、新闻、报纸、智库报告等作为信息源，综合研究国外动物智能军事应用实例及内在关联，描述动物智能在未来战场应用场景。结果：动物智能军事应用主要是动物特殊能力的军事应用和动物智能的仿生武器应用。结论：动物部队、仿生作战部队和动物战术是未来战争不可忽视的重要组成部分，动物智能的隐匿、灵活、多变等特点正逐渐被广泛应用于战场。     

医学期刊编辑对生物医学研究伦理问题的处理方式调研及建议

【目的】 探讨医学期刊编辑处理生物医学研究伦理问题的方式,为推动确立医学期刊伦理审查规范提供参考。【方法】 通过问卷星向国内医学期刊编辑发放调查问卷,对审稿时和论文出版后处理医学伦理相关问题的方式展开调研。【结果】 共回收问卷230份。调查显示:在审稿阶段,在保护患者隐私方面,英文期刊、中英双语期刊的编辑更注重要求作者提供授权同意相关证明材料;中、英文期刊以及中英双语期刊的编辑对涉及人体试验伦理问题的处理方式都比较规范。但是,对于研究是否获得患者知情同意、动物实验研究是否经过伦理委员会审查、回顾性研究是否需要伦理审查、涉及人的研究是否在临床试验注册中心注册等问题,编辑还需要进一步重视。在论文出版后,编辑发现的医学伦理问题主要是“涉及人的研究未说明是否经过伦理委员会审查”。对论文出版后发现的没有保护患者隐私和没有在临床试验注册中心注册的问题,大部分期刊缺乏相关处理方案。【结论】 编辑应加强对论文知情同意、动物实验伦理、回顾性研究伦理的审查,并审查涉及人的研究是否在临床试验注册中心注册,以推动我国医学期刊的高质量发展。     

Variability in non-core vaccination rates of dogs and cats in veterinary clinics across the United States

Vaccination guidelines for dogs and cats indicate that core vaccines (for dogs, rabies, distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus; for cats, feline parvovirus, herpes virus-1, calicivirus) are essential to maintain health, and that non-core vaccines be administered according to a clinician’s assessment of a pet’s risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection. A reliance on individual risk assessment introduces the potential for between-practice inconsistencies in non-core vaccine recommendations. A study was initiated to determine non-core vaccination rates of dogs (Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza virus) and cats (feline leukemia virus) in patients current for core vaccines in veterinary practices across the United States. Transactional data for 5,531,866 dogs (1,670 practices) and 1,914,373 cats (1,661 practices) were retrieved from practice management systems for the period November 1, 2016 through January 1, 2020, deidentified and normalized. Non-core vaccination status was evaluated in 2,798,875 dogs and 788,772 cats that were core-vaccine current. Nationally, median clinic vaccination rates for dogs were highest for leptospirosis (70.5%) and B. bronchiseptica (68.7%), and much lower for canine influenza (4.8%). In Lyme-endemic states, the median clinic borreliosis vaccination rate was 51.8%. Feline leukemia median clinic vaccination rates were low for adult cats (34.6%) and for kittens and 1-year old cats (36.8%). Individual clinic vaccination rates ranged from 0 to 100% for leptospirosis, B. bronchiseptica and feline leukemia, 0–96% for canine influenza, and 0–94% for borreliosis. Wide variation in non-core vaccination rates between clinics in similar geographies indicates that factors other than disease risk are driving the use of non-core vaccines in pet dogs and cats, highlighting a need for veterinary practices to address gaps in patient protection. Failure to implement effective non-core vaccination strategies leaves susceptible dogs and cats unprotected against vaccine-preventable diseases.     

基于正交试验的肾造瘘管固定方案研究

目的 探讨基于正交试验的肾造瘘管不同固定方案的比较效果。方法 将14Fr硅胶肾造瘘管固定在聚乙烯展板和拉力显示器上，以固定材料、固定方法、面积为3个影响因素，每个因素3个水平，每组进行3次试验再求平均值作为最后拉力值F，共进行9个固定方案共27次试验。利用L9（33）正交试验矩阵研究不同材料（医用橡皮膏、医用透气胶带、医用无纺布胶带）、固定方法（交叉固定法、“工”字固定法和改良“工”字固定法）及面积(16 cm2、24 cm2、32 cm2）对肾造瘘管固定强度的影响。结果 正交试验所选的3种影响因素中，对拉力值影响显著性排序为：材料＞方法＞面积；3种固定材料中，医用橡皮膏固定强度最大。结论 肾造瘘管固定方案中，最佳固定组合为以医用橡皮膏结合改良“工”字法固定，可为临床管道固定方案的选择提供参考。     

骨质疏松症动物模型的构建及实验方法研究进展

骨质疏松症是一种全身性骨代谢病,由多种因素引起,其特点是骨量、骨密度和骨组织的显微结构恶化,骨脆性增强和易发生骨折。骨质疏松症已严重威胁人类健康,最终将导致患者日常活动减少,生活质量降低,死亡率增加。针对不同的研究对象,选择一个正确、理想的动物骨质疏松的模型和实验方法以尽可能再现人类骨质疏松的状态,是开展动物实验的关键。我们综述了当前原发性和继发性骨质疏松等动物模型的构建,以及利用这些模型进行给药实验的研究方法,并对研发治疗骨质疏松的新型药物的选择提供了一些参考建议,以期对后续关于药物的作用机制、研发新药、药物的改良等研究提供思路。     

Efficacy of recombinant Marek’s disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses

The genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of Goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective H5 influenza A vaccine. Here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vHVT)-H5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4A-derived H5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) inserts with challenge by homologous and genetically divergent H5 HPAI Gs/GD lineage viruses in chickens. Direct assessment of protection was confirmed for all the tested constructs, which provided clinical protection against the homologous and heterologous H5 HPAI Gs/GD challenge viruses and significantly decreased oropharyngeal shedding titers compared to the sham vaccine. The cross reactivity was assessed by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and focus reduction assay against a panel of phylogenetically and antigenically diverse H5 strains. The COBRA-derived H5 inserts elicited antibody responses against antigenically diverse strains, while the wild-type-derived H5 vaccines elicited protection mostly against close antigenically related clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4D viruses. In conclusion, the HVT vector, a widely used replicating vaccine platform in poultry, with H5 insert provides clinical protection and significant reduction of viral shedding against homologous and heterologous challenge. In addition, the COBRA-derived inserts have the potential to be used against antigenically distinct co-circulating viruses and future drift variants.     

多种放射性肺损伤动物模型的建立和效应评价研究

放射性肺损伤是胸部肿瘤放疗后常见并发症,随着对放射性肺炎研究不断深入,如何为基础研究和药物干预寻求最佳的动物模型和效应评价已成为当前亟待解决的难题之一。通过检索近10年文献,对不同放射性肺损伤模型动物及放射部位的选择、照射剂量的确定、照射方法的比较和动物模型效应评价进行了对比研究,以期寻找建立放射性肺损伤动物模型的稳定方法和较为明确的效应机制,为防护和减缓放射性肺损伤的发生发展而进行的基础研究和药物研制提供可靠的方法。     

全氟类化合物在人体与动物体内的生殖毒性

全氟类化合物（polyfluorinated chemicals，PFCs）是一类来自工业生产，存在于人们日常生活环境中内分泌干扰物（endocrine disruptors，EDCs）。研究表明，PFCs可以聚集在生物体内，并通过影响甾体激素合成、诱导生殖系统细胞凋亡、拮抗激素受体等机制，在生殖系统表现出毒性作用。在男性中，这类物质被证明与精子的质量与数量的下降及异常精子比率的上调有关，干扰男性性激素水平（如睾酮）；而在女性中也发现血液或卵泡液中PFCs水平的升高，往往伴随着性激素及促性腺激素（如雌孕激素，卵泡刺激素等）水平的异常以及生育力的下降，这类物质在孕期的暴露甚至有影响至下一代的可能。此外，已有动物实验从分子层面对这类物质的毒性机制进行了证实，因此PFCs的生殖毒性值得关注。